• Purpose of This Blog and Information about the Author

Latticework Wealth Management, LLC

~ Information for Individual Investors

Latticework Wealth Management, LLC

Tag Archives: passive investing

The Hidden Dangers of Active Investing for Individual Investors

04 Monday May 2015

Posted by wmosconi in active investing, active versus passive debate, asset allocation, Consumer Finance, finance, financial planning, investing, investments, passive investing, portfolio, stocks

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

active investing, asset allocation, assetallocation, bonds, business, finance, financial advice, financial planning, financial services, financial services industry, investing, investments, passive investing, portfolio, portfolio allocation, portfolio management, stock market, stocks

The typical discussion surrounding active investing relates to a comparison with passive investing.  Active investing is normally defined as investing money with money managers that select individual stocks or bonds with the overall goal of beating the performance of the stock or bond market indexes.  An example might be a large cap stock mutual fund that attempts to have a total return better than the S&P 500 index.  Passive investing is normally defined as investing money in an index mutual fund or ETF that simply selects the individual stocks or bonds within a particular stock or bond index.  There is no attempt to beat that index.  Why would an individual investor choose this route?  While it may seem that settling on a strategy to be only average is “giving up” on great returns, it has been shown in numerous studies that active money managers achieve lower returns than their index over long periods of time.  In fact, if you look up this particular topic on the Internet, there will be a plethora of articles and information that looks at this topic in much greater depth.  However, I would like to look at this topic from a different standpoint.  The topics discussed below still relate to active investing, but the view looks more at an individual investor’s entire portfolio.  Well, let’s dig into the details.

  1. Active money managers may not be fully invested in the stocks or bonds that you expect at all times.

Most individual investors think that the active money managers they choose are always fully invested.  In fact, that is not normally the case when it comes to mutual funds.  Mutual funds will be used for the  purpose of our discussion since they are the most common investment held by individual investors when it comes to active investing.  A lot of portfolio managers decide that the stock or bond market may be poised to decline at any given time.  Since they have this belief in the future direction of the market, they sell stocks or bonds and raise cash in the mutual fund.  Thus, they do not hold 100% of the assets in the mutual fund in the stated investments for the investment strategy.  Why does this matter?  It is easiest to see within the context of an example.

We can examine what happens using a hypothetical portfolio for an individual investor.  Let us assume that an individual investor has a $1,000,000 portfolio.  Further assume that this investor devotes 40% of this total to large cap stocks (i.e. stocks from the S&P 500 index).  That assumption would mean that the total portfolio holds $400,000 ($1,000,000 * 40%) worth of large cap stocks.  Now we assume that the individual investor chooses one active mutual fund to invest with.  What if that active money manager decides that a large decline is coming in large cap stocks, so he/she reduces the exposure of the mutual fund to 70% invested in large cap stocks and 30% invested in cash?  The individual investors’ portfolio now has $280,000 ($400,000 * 70%) invested in large cap stocks and an additional $120,000 ($400,000 * 30%) in cash.  The portfolio is now 28% large cap stocks and 12% more in cash.  Why is this important for the individual investor?

The consequences are enormous.  When this investor initially decides on his/her portfolio allocation and tolerance for risk in relation to achieving financial goals, he/she is assuming that the portfolio will be 40% in large cap stocks.  In the aforementioned example, unbeknownst to this investor, he/she has a lot less exposure to large cap stocks and a lot more of the portfolio in cash.  The important thing to remember here is that when an individual investor embarks upon a passive investment strategy he/she is assured that the exact percentage of any given type of investment is selected.  Another thing to remember is that the individual investor could have chosen to invest only 28% in large cap stocks and an extra 12% in cash to begin with.  The decisions of the active portfolio manager thwart the individual investor’s attempts to build a portfolio of investments that meets his/her needs.  The active portfolio manager is timing the stock or bond market, and the individual investor does not know to what extent that money manager is doing at any given time.

2.  Active money managers have great latitude in the investments they choose and may not be invested in the stocks or bonds an individual investor thinks.

Most individual investors do not look at the prospectus for the mutual fund that they invest in.  The prospectus is a document required by the SEC to be given to all investors.  It includes many pieces of information like expenses of the fund and all sorts of legalese components that are very hard to understand.  One important section of the prospectus is the section that discusses the types of investments the mutual fund may choose.  Since the portfolio manager does not want to be handicapped during times of market turmoil or when unusual investment opportunities present themselves, the types of investments allowed is very broad.  For a stock mutual fund that invests in technology stocks, this section will still include the option to invest in different sectors of the stock market.  This practice is not uncommon in the industry.  What does this mean for your portfolio?

The most important consequence for your portfolio is that you may own stocks or bonds that you do not expect, or you may own the same investment in two or more different active mutual funds.  As it relates to the former, you might own an active stock mutual fund that invests in US stocks.  However, if the portfolio manager decides that an international stock is a great investment, he/she may invest in that stock as long as it has been disclosed in the prospectus as being allowable.  As an investor, you may not want to take on the extra risk of investing in international stocks.  As it relates to the latter, there are times when an active portfolio manager invests in a stock or bond that begins in one category of investment and morphs into another over the holding period of that stock or bond.  An example here would be in the case of a small cap mutual fund.  Most people define a small cap stock as a company with a market capitalization of $1 billion to $5 billion.  There are times when an active mutual fund invests in a larger small cap company that does well over time and becomes a mid cap stock by definition.  Why is this important?  Well, if an individual investor selects the desired percentages of particular stocks or bonds he/she wants to have exposure to, he/she may have overlap between different stocks or bonds in different mutual funds without knowing.  A great way to determine how pervasive this phenomenon is within your portfolio is to use the Instant X-Ray feature of Morningstar.  Here is the link:

http://portfolio.morningstar.com/NewPort/Free/InstantXRayDEntry.aspx

You will be able to see how many stocks or bonds are included in two or more mutual funds that you own.  The great advantage of using a passive investing strategy is that the index mutual funds and ETFs are totally transparent.  Individual investors are able to ensure that they never invest in stocks or bonds they do not want or invest extra amounts in the same investment.

3.  Some active money managers engage in “window dressing” their mutual funds.

The term window dressing is applied whenever an active money manager adds the best performing stocks or bonds to the mutual fund right before the end of the quarter or prior to a report being issued. There are times when an active money manager is underperforming relative to his/her benchmark index. One of the things he/she can do is to add stocks or bonds that have done particularly well during that time period. Thus, the mutual fund did not own that investment for the entire period. However, it looks great to investors because they assume that the portfolio manager is making savvy investment decisions. How does this occur? The main reason this occurs is that mutual funds do not report the purchase date of any stock or bond. They are only required to show how many shares/bonds are owned and the corresponding market value when applied to the closing price at the end of the time period. The only way to check to see if window dressing happens is a messy process. The individual investor must look back at prior reports to see if the stock or bond was actually owned then. Even using this method is imperfect because the portfolio manager may indeed have purchased the security in question at the beginning of the period. The main point is that window dressing is simply a shell game that misrepresents the portfolio manager’s stock or bond selection ability over the time period.

4.  Performance returns presented by mutual funds are only on a gross basis. The taxes an individual investor pays on dividends and capital gains are not reflected which provides a net basis of the actual performance return.

The first thing to point out is that this particular discussion only applies to taxable accounts.  If you have your investment in a 401(k), 403(b), Traditional or Roth IRA, or other tax-exempt accounts, you are not subject to income taxes.  Therefore, there are no tax consequences at this point in time that reduce your gross basis performance returns.  If you only have tax-exempt accounts, you can skip this discussion or read on simply for your own knowledge.

Now it is not the fault of mutual funds for neglecting to present net basis performance returns after tax.  Why?  Well, each individual investor is in a different tax bracket and may have different tax situation.  With that being said, it is important to note that active mutual funds almost always have more taxable items than any passive index mutual fund or ETF.  The reason for this occurrence is due to turnover of the mutual fund.  What is turnover?   The definition of turnover is how many times a mutual fund (or any investment vehicle for that matter) buys and sells the entire grouping of stocks or bonds during any given year.  The simplest example is a turnover of 100%.  A turnover of 100% means that the mutual fund bought and sold all stocks or bonds during the year.  Another way of putting it in more simple terms is that the mutual fund held the stocks or bonds for one year on average prior to selling.  A turnover of 200% means that the average holding period was six months.   A turnover of 50% equates to an average holding period of two years.

Higher turnover in the mutual fund means that there are more capital gains (and capital losses too).  Thus, there are more tax consequences to the individual investor.  Recent studies have shown that the average turnover for an active mutual fund is roughly 80%.  When you contrast that with passive index mutual funds or ETFs, the turnover is low by definition.  The index providers usually only make changes to the members of that index annually.  There are usually only a small number of stocks or bonds added to or deleted from the index.  This means that turnover is very low; it can be 10%-20%.  The main thing to remember for individual investors is that gross returns are all right for a baseline of performance.  However, he/she really should focus on after-tax performance returns of the mutual fund.  It is the money you have left in your brokerage account.

Summary

The hidden dangers of active investing touched on within this article are the main ones.  The importance of these hidden dangers is mainly that, if an individual investor uses active money managers to build his/her investment portfolio, it is nearly impossible to do with any degree of confidence.  When you create an investment portfolio yourself or with the guidance of a financial professional, you are doing two things.  You are looking at your tolerance for risk and determining what your financial goals are for your lifetime.  The second step is deciding what types of investments should be included in your portfolio and what percentages are appropriate to allocate to each type of investment.  As we have seen above (especially in the first three dangers), there are constant forces working against an individual investor when using active money managers to keep the portfolio as designed.  If you choose the passive route to investing via index mutual funds or ETFs, you are assured of obtaining the percentages within each investment category that you desire.

The argument of the merits of active investing or passive investing will go on and on.  However, that discussion usually looks at a single type of investment vehicle choosing stocks or bonds for individual investors.  Did this mutual fund beat its benchmark index this year?  When it comes to individual investors, it is far more important to decide on the proper investment allocation of his/her portfolio in order to achieve one’s financial goals.  The cross currents and confluence of having numerous active mutual funds makes it infinitely more complex to set up a portfolio.  Passive investment vehicles are transparent at all times, so the individual investor is able to choose the exposure to large cap stocks, small cap stocks, international stocks, domestic bonds, international bonds, emerging market stocks, and so on that may be appropriate given his/her risk tolerance and financial goals.  An individual investor can try to establish a portfolio using active managers.  However, the discussion points (hidden dangers) above show the difficulty in this approach.  First, the active money manager may not be fully invested.  Second, the active money manager may invest in stocks or bonds that the individual investor does not intend or replicate holdings by different money managers.  Third, the active money manager may engage in window dressing making it difficult to measure that money manager’s ability to choose the best performing stocks or bonds.

Not all Index Mutual Funds and ETFs are Created Equal: Part 2 of 2

12 Wednesday Feb 2014

Posted by wmosconi in active investing, active versus passive debate, asset allocation, bonds, business, Consumer Finance, Education, enhanced indexing, finance, financial planning, Individual Investing, investing, investments, passive investing, personal finance, portfolio, risk, stocks, volatility

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

active investing, active versus passive, active versus passive investing debate, asset allocation, bonds, business, education, enhanced indexing, ETF, ETFs, finance, financial planning, individual investing, individual investor, investing, investments, passive investing, portfolio, portfolio management, stocks

The exponential growth of passive investment vehicles over the past ten years has been astonishing since the infancy of index investing that Vanguard made so famous back in the early 1980s.  In the first part of this discussion, I spoke at length about the need to really read the prospectus or fact sheet of an Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) or an index mutual fund.  Two similarly sounding investments may actually have quite different underlying components.  I utilized two different emerging market stock ETFs to demonstrate the difference, and they were the iShares MSCI Emerging Markets Stock ETF (Ticker Symbol:  EEM) and the Vanguard FTSE Emerging Markets Stock ETF (Ticker Symbol:  VWO), respectively to show why this is true.  The main issue in this case was that one considers South Korea to be a developing economy (EEM), and the other (VWO) does not.  Therefore, a large component of your investment allocation in your portfolio to emerging market stocks may be more heavily weighted toward South Korea than you at first thought (over 15% in fact).  For the details of the discussion, you can click on this link:

https://latticeworkwealth.com/2014/01/28/not-all-index-mutual-funds-and-etfs-are-created-equal-part-1-of-2/

The second issue that I hinted at in part 1 relates to the definition of passive investing.  The active management versus passive investing debate has been raging on for over 30 years with proponents on both sides of the fence.  In its most general form, passive investing is choosing to invest in all stocks or bonds tied to a particular index, such as the S&P 500 Index, Russell 2000 Index, MSCI EAFE Index, or the Barclays Aggregate Bond Index.  The investor in this case decides that he/she would rather participate in the investment performance of all the components of the index rather than picking the best stocks or bonds themselves.  Active managers strive to beat the investment performance of a particular index by scouring the quantitative and qualitative data about each particular stock or bond.  These professionals believe that they have the ability to make superior investment choices and do better than average (i.e.  just settling for the investment returns of the index less the expenses of the ETF or index mutual fund).  I spoke at length about active and passive investing in one of my earliest blog posts.  Here is the link to that more involved discussion to get further detail:

https://latticeworkwealth.com/2013/07/05/difference-between-active-and-passive-investing/

A new type of investment vehicle has sprung up during the development of the ETF industry, and it is referred to as “enhanced indexing”.  The idea is that you can approach the debate by using a hybrid view of sorts.  Enhanced indexing is investing in a particular index but not investing in all the stocks or bonds or choosing to weight the stocks or bonds differently than the index does.  These ETFs offer the ability to use the asset manager’s proprietary strategy to pick the “best” members in the index.  There are many managers that do this, and two of the most popular are offered by the WisdomTree company and Dimensional Fund Advisors.  The ETF and mutual funds offered by these companies follow a similar philosophy with different approaches.  However, each company strives to outperform the index that their portfolio managers select.

There is nothing wrong with any of the offering of these companies.  In fact, many of their investment vehicles have had superb performance over the years.  This salient point is that they are really “blurring” the line between active and passive investment philosophies.  Using a more strict definition of passive investing, the investor knows at the outset that they will underperform the index by the amount of fees (and “tracking error” – a concept I will not go into specifically in this post) assessed to the ETF or index mutual fund.  However, they will not significantly underperform because all the components of the index are always held.  An active investment vehicle has the ability to outperform or underperform an index after fees are assessed each year.  Investors in enhanced indexed ETFs or mutual funds fall into the latter category.  Once the asset manager makes a decision to pick the “best” components of a particular index, they are moving into the realm of active management.  One of the appeals of this investing strategy to individual investors is that you can still beat the index.  With that being said though, you are taking the chance that the investment will underperform what the passive ETF or index mutual fund delivers in terms of investment returns.

Enhanced indexing may seem like a great way to “have your cake and eat it too”, but, at its core, active management (either by way of a proprietary computer algorithm, back tested studies, qualitative metrics, or some other method) nonetheless.  Many individual investors fail to recognize that they are really choosing an active strategy, although some professionals would argue that it is more sophisticated than the approach of traditional active managers.  As long as you are aware of this fact at the beginning, there is nothing wrong with that.  In fact, many investment advisors use a combination of active and passive investment vehicles when building a portfolio for their clients.  For example, it has been shown that there may still be inefficiencies in micro cap (normally stocks with a market capitalization below $1 billion) stocks because very few Wall Street analysts follow the companies and provide investment recommendations.  On the other hand, there are a plethora of Wall Street analysts who follow the largest companies in the US, so it becomes much harder to know more than other investors.  Thus, some financial professionals will advise a certain portfolio allocation to passive ETFs and another piece of the portfolio will go to active managers.  This type of approach is a hybrid approach.

In the case of enhanced indexing (or “smart beta” funds – similar type of concept that I will not elaborate more on in this discussion), the individual investor is allowing the asset manager to make active selections which is much more akin to active investing.  The key is to know that you run the risk of two things.  First, the particular investment vehicle may do worse than the corollary strictly passive ETF or index mutual fund in terms of investment returns.  Second, the asset manager may not always be fully invested in the index at all times as well.  Therefore, you may have a higher allocation to cash than you initially wanted.  Now if the asset manager sells stocks to raise cash before a downturn in stock prices, the individual investor will not lose as much as other market participants.  The flipside is that the individual investor fails to participate fully in any stock market rally.  This second part is emphasizing that the asset manager may lag the investment performance of the benchmark index even more so than the passive ETF or index mutual fund.

The important thing is to simply know up front that passive investing involves average underperformance at the outset.  However, you are assured of at least capturing the lion’s share of the investment returns.  Any other investment vehicle may do better or worse over the long term which is the main concern of an individual investor.  If the enhanced indexing investment strategy yields lower long-term investment returns for your portfolio, you have paid money to “lose” money on a relative basis.  What I mean by this is that, as an individual investor, you could have just invested in the entire index of stocks or bonds at a very low cost by doing absolutely nothing.  If the enhanced index manager outperforms the index after fees are taken into account, that investment decision was a wise one.  However, history has shown that active managers tend to lag their proper benchmark over the long term (usually defined as 5 years or more).

It may be enticing to try to combine the best features of the passive investing and active investing philosophies.  With that being said, individual investors need to realize that any departure from the strict definition of passive investing increases the odds that the manager will have an investment return different than the index.  If your investing time horizon is 5, 10, 15, 20 years or more, the active mangers (either in its pure form or via enhanced indexing) has a more difficult time outperforming the index year in and year out to provide the individual investor with performance above and beyond what the “stodgy”, old passive ETFs or index mutual funds offer.  I would characterize this more as “buyer beware”.  The main takeaway is not that these are “bad” investments at all; rather, it is a conscious choice to depart from the passive world of investing and move to the active side.

Not all Index Mutual Funds and ETFs are Created Equal: Part 1 of 2

28 Tuesday Jan 2014

Posted by wmosconi in asset allocation, beta, bonds, business, Education, emerging markets, finance, financial planning, Individual Investing, investing, investments, personal finance, portfolio, risk, stock prices, stocks, Suitability, volatility

≈ 1 Comment

Tags

asset allocation, Bogle, bonds, EM, emerging markets, ETF, ETFs, finance, index mutual funds, passive investing, personal finance, stocks, volatility

I am definitely a big advocate of passive investing in either index mutual funds or exchange traded funds (ETFs).  However, the proliferation of products over the last 10 years or so has made things quite a bit more complicated than the old days of John Bogle introducing the first large offerings of index mutual funds at Vanguard over 30 years ago.  I figured it would be worthwhile to address a few topics in this regard.

There are two issues that are central to my discussion that individual investors need to be aware of.  The first issue is that the underlying stock or bond holdings of these offerings can be very different even if the names sound exactly the same.  The second issue is that many of the new registrations for ETFs or recently issued securities are more akin to what is termed enhanced indexing or “smart” beta.  These types of choices are not active mutual funds or ETFs in the traditional sense.  Moreover, they are not passive either.  These newer products will slice and dice a universe of securities or use “proprietary” methods to actually beat the index.  Now by definition an index investor knows that he or she will underperform the index when costs are taken into account.  Any “passive” product that claims that the advisor can beat the index is therefore more akin to an active approach.  There are many different terms to describe.  I will postpone the discussion of that salient topic in the second part of this post though.

There is a great example in recent days of why this is important.   An ETF is the best way to analyze the issue because they must be transparent daily.  The holdings of any ETF are publicly available to see each day.  Additionally, each ETF will hold all the components of a particular index.  Therein lies the extremely vital piece that most individual investors are unaware of.  There happen to be multiple indexes that attempt to capture the stock and/or bond investment performance of a particular piece of the financial markets.  The definition of that universe is what matters to investors.  A timely example is the stock performance of emerging markets which has been incredibly volatile of late.  However, not all ETFs follow the same definition of what an emerging market country is.

The two main emerging market ETFs are offered by Vanguard and BlackRock.  The Vanguard offering is through their VIPER series and is called the Vanguard FTSE Emerging Markets ETF (Ticker Symbol:  VWO).  The BlackRock offering is through their iShares series and is called the iShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF (Ticker Symbol:  EEM).  Most individual investors (and some financial professionals) think of these ETFs as being the same.  However, they are actually quite different.  Why?  Well, the difference in the names kind of gives the answer away.  The Vanguard ETF is tied to the FTSE Emerging Markets Stock Index, while the BlackRock ETF is tied to the MSCI Emerging Markets Stock Index.  Both of these ETFs invest in all the components of stocks in those two respective universes.  The definition of emerging markets by these two index providers is quite different.

The main difference between the two is how they classify stocks traded in South Korea.  MSCI considers South Korea to still be an emerging market and 15.8% (as of January 27, 2014) of the ETF is allocated to that country.  FTSE considers South Korea to be mature enough to be thought of as a developed economy and no longer should be viewed in the same light as other countries in the emerging markets.  They have reached a level of sophistication in terms of the economy, banking system, and breadth in trading of the stocks there.  Thus, Vanguard does not allocate any money to South Korea.  There are some other slight differences in countries within the two indexes but the aforementioned percentage is definitely significant.  If you are ever confused why the total returns of the VWO and EEM ETFs do not equal even after taking into account investment fees, that is the primary reason why.  Over the course of an entire year, the difference in the total return can be striking depending on the performance of the KOSPI (South Korea’s main stock index).

Investing in the Vanguard version instead of the BlackRock version can be more risky since the relatively more mature stock market of South Korea is not included.  As I have mentioned in the past, I do not advocate the purchase of any particular stock, bond, index mutual fund, or ETF.  With that being said though, it is important to know the differences between two similarly sounding offerings.  If you want to have exposure to the emerging markets, you should not simply look at investment fees.  The expense ratio on the VWO is 0.18% and the 0.67% for the EEM.  Most people would say that the VWO is better because the fees are lower.  However, you are not comparing apples to apples due to the South Korea inclusion issue.

The main takeaway here is to read the prospectus for any index mutual fund or ETF.  Or, at the very least, you should pay careful attention to the fact sheet provided for either.  You should look at what index the index mutual fund or ETF advisor is using.  You can go to the link of that index provider to see what is included (in terms of individual stocks or bonds or countries, etc.), so you are aware of what you are buying.  It is much easier to avoid a purchase of a particular security than to have to sell after an unexpected loss because you purchased the “wrong” thing based upon your risk tolerance and financial goals, and how that particular asset was going to complement your overall portfolio allocation.

I have included links to the major index providers for ease of reference.  There are many others, but these are the major players in the passive investing world.  They are as follows:

1)       Standard & Poor’s – http://us.spindices.com/

 

2)       Russell Investments – http://www.russell.com/indexes/americas/default.page

 

3)      MSCI – http://www.msci.com/products/indices/

 

4)      FTSE – http://www.ftse.com/Indices/

 

5)      Barclays – https://ecommerce.barcap.com/indices/index.dxml

Subscribe

  • Entries (RSS)
  • Comments (RSS)

Archives

  • January 2021
  • December 2020
  • November 2020
  • October 2020
  • January 2020
  • December 2019
  • November 2019
  • October 2019
  • September 2019
  • April 2017
  • July 2016
  • May 2016
  • March 2016
  • December 2015
  • November 2015
  • July 2015
  • June 2015
  • May 2015
  • August 2014
  • March 2014
  • February 2014
  • January 2014
  • December 2013
  • November 2013
  • October 2013
  • September 2013
  • August 2013
  • July 2013

Categories

  • academia
  • academics
  • active investing
  • active versus passive debate
  • after tax returns
  • Alan Greenspan
  • alpha
  • asset allocation
  • Average Returns
  • bank loans
  • behavioral finance
  • benchmarks
  • Bernanke
  • beta
  • Black Swan
  • blended benchmark
  • bond basics
  • bond market
  • Bond Mathematics
  • Bond Risks
  • bond yields
  • bonds
  • book deals
  • books
  • Brexit
  • Brexit Vote
  • bubbles
  • business
  • business books
  • CAPE
  • CAPE P/E Ratio
  • Charity
  • Charlie Munger
  • cnbc
  • college finance
  • confirmation bias
  • Consumer Finance
  • correlation
  • correlation coefficient
  • currency
  • Cyclically Adjusted Price Earnings Ratio
  • Dot Com Bubble
  • economics
  • Education
  • EM
  • emerging markets
  • Emotional Intelligence
  • enhanced indexing
  • EQ
  • EU
  • European Union
  • Fabozzi
  • Fama
  • Fed
  • Fed Taper
  • Fed Tapering
  • Federal Income Taxes
  • Federal Reserve
  • Fiduciary
  • finance
  • finance books
  • finance theory
  • financial advice
  • Financial Advisor
  • financial advisor fees
  • financial advisory fees
  • financial goals
  • financial markets
  • Financial Media
  • Financial News
  • financial planning
  • financial planning books
  • financial services industry
  • Fixed Income Mathematics
  • foreign currency
  • forex
  • Forward P/E Ratio
  • Frank Fabozzi
  • Free Book Promotion
  • fx
  • Geometric Returns
  • GIPS
  • GIPS2013
  • Greenspan
  • gross returns
  • historical returns
  • Income Taxes
  • Individual Investing
  • individual investors
  • interest rates
  • Internet Bubble
  • investing
  • investing advice
  • investing books
  • investing information
  • investing tips
  • investment advice
  • investment advisory fees
  • investment books
  • investments
  • Irrational Exuberance
  • LIBOR
  • market timing
  • Markowitz
  • math
  • MBS
  • Modern Portfolio Theory
  • MPT
  • NailedIt
  • NASDAQ
  • Nassim Taleb
  • Nobel Prize
  • Nobel Prize in Economics
  • P/E Ratio
  • passive investing
  • personal finance
  • portfolio
  • Post Brexit
  • PostBrexit
  • reasonable fees
  • reasonable fees for financial advisor
  • reasonable fees for investment advice
  • reasonable financial advisor fees
  • rebalancing
  • rebalancing investment portfolio
  • rising interest rate environment
  • rising interest rates
  • risk
  • risk tolerance
  • risks of bonds
  • risks of stocks
  • Robert Shiller
  • S&P 500
  • S&P 500 historical returns
  • S&P 500 Index
  • Schiller
  • Search for Yield
  • Sharpe
  • Shiller P/E Ratio
  • sigma
  • speculation
  • standard deviation
  • State Income Taxes
  • statistics
  • stock market
  • Stock Market Returns
  • Stock Market Valuation
  • stock prices
  • stocks
  • Suitability
  • Taleb
  • time series
  • time series data
  • types of bonds
  • Uncategorized
    • investing, investments, stocks, bonds, asset allocation, portfolio
  • Valuation
  • volatility
  • Warren Buffett
  • Yellen
  • yield
  • yield curve
  • yield curve inversion

Meta

  • Register
  • Log in

Blog at WordPress.com.